HOST: An organism which harbours the parasite = US!
and parasites are definitely one type of visitor that's not welcomed to the body.
The term parasite relates to ‘any living thing that lives on or in another living organism’. Many parasites interfere with bodily functions, cause irritation; some destroy the host’s tissues and release toxins into the bloodstream.
There are 2 types of parasites. There are large ones referred to as worms and small ones that require a microscope to see.
Diseases caused by worms - round and flat worms.
The large worms while in an immature form can travel through your blood stream and infect any organ, gland or part of the body. Depending on the type of worm, they can grow anywhere from several inches up to many feet in length. They can lay thousand up to millions of eggs each day. The eggs stick to the walls of our intestines and can be microscopic in size. These large worms are called HEMINTHINS or INTESTINAL NEMATODES. The fish tape worm is the largest of the human tapeworms and can reach up to 33 feet in length or more! Beef and pork also have tapeworms.
The large worms while in an immature form can travel through your blood stream and infect any organ, gland or part of the body. Depending on the type of worm, they can grow anywhere from several inches up to many feet in length. They can lay thousand up to millions of eggs each day. The eggs stick to the walls of our intestines and can be microscopic in size. These large worms are called HEMINTHINS or INTESTINAL NEMATODES. The fish tape worm is the largest of the human tapeworms and can reach up to 33 feet in length or more! Beef and pork also have tapeworms.
Protozoal diseases - various amoebic infections (single celled, microscopic protozoa)
The small ones travel through your blood stream like bacteria or virus. They reproduce by dividing themselves much like bacteria do.
They to can invade any cell in the body. These small ones are called PROTOZOA.
There are also various classes of parasites depending on whether they live outside on the surface of the body or live inside the body of the host; either in the body's tissues, body's cavities, digestive tract or other organs, Worms of various kinds can enter the body through several avenues and if conditions are favourable for their development they may multiply. If this colony is not kept in check by the body's own defences, the infestation soon becomes a burden on the body and health is downgraded.
The small ones travel through your blood stream like bacteria or virus. They reproduce by dividing themselves much like bacteria do.
They to can invade any cell in the body. These small ones are called PROTOZOA.
There are also various classes of parasites depending on whether they live outside on the surface of the body or live inside the body of the host; either in the body's tissues, body's cavities, digestive tract or other organs, Worms of various kinds can enter the body through several avenues and if conditions are favourable for their development they may multiply. If this colony is not kept in check by the body's own defences, the infestation soon becomes a burden on the body and health is downgraded.
Intestinal parasites are most often due to insufficient or negligent hygiene, poorly washed foods or polluted water. All of these undesirable invaders take nutrients from the body and excrete hazardous wastes, which are destructive to the body, irritating and injuring. For example, allergies, arthritis, asthma or even nerve disorders can often be directly linked to parasite infections. Mild parasite infections can be completely asymptomatic, which does not make them less hazardous. It could be that a mild vague feeling (not feeling 100%), digestive Problems, colic, irritable, fatigue, off colour and generalised or localised pruritus (itchiness) are experienced. Heavy infestations can cause Symptoms of abdominal pain and diarrhoea. Very heavy infestations can cause blood loss, anaemia, weight loss, appendicitis and even death! Some therapists speculate that the moon lays an intricate part in the nematode (worm) cycle. If a person is very nervous at the full moon, they may have worms and or parasites, because worms get rampant during a full moon!
The aim is to avoid becoming infected and strengthening the body to resist infestation. Worms l-o-v-e sugar, acid conditions and constipation. So therefore, a diet high in fibre and alkalising food is the best prevention and cure for infestations.
Symptoms of Parasites:
The word parasite comes from Greek meaning "one who eats off the table of another." Parasites eat and live off the food we consume, even our health supplements. They leave us the scraps. They often make us feel that we are not getting the nutrition from our food or that SOMETHING IS MISSING.
- INABILITY TO GAIN OR LOSE WEIGHT
- CHRONIC CANDIDA
- YEAST INFECTIONS
- CHRONIC SINUS OR EAR INFECTIONS
- URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
- ITCHY EARS OR NOSE
- ANAL ITCHING, ESPECIALLY AT NIGHT
- DIGESTIVE PROBLEMS
- GAS AND BLOATING
- DIARRHEA
- MUCUSY STOOLS
- HEMORRHOIDS
- CONSTIPATION
- IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME
- GRINDING TEETH WHILE SLEEPING
- HEART PAIN
- NUMB HANDS
- PAIN IN THE NAVEL
- PAIN IN THE BACK,THIGHS OR SHOULDERS
- ARTHRITIC PAINS
- BURNING IN THE STOMACH
- BED WETTING
- DROOLING WHILE SLEEPING
- ANY MENSTRUAL COMPLAINT
- CYSTS AND FIBROIDS
- EATING MORE AND STILL BEING HUNGRY
- ALL SKIN PROBLEMS
- FORGETFULNESS
- DEPRESSION
- CHRONIC FATIGUE
- CHRONIC VIRAL SYNDROMES
- PROSTATE PROBLEMS AND SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION IN MEN
- WATER RETENTION (mostly from tapeworms)
- CRAWLING FEELING UNDER THE SKIN
- FLOATERS
- LIVER/GALLBLADDER TROUBLE
And the list goes on and on. We must now be realistic. If 85% to 95% of the population, healthy or sick, has parasites, any illness can be suspected as having as its cause, parasites!
It is now being considered that perhaps 50% of all cancer, diabetes, asthma, arthritis and heart disease comes from parasites!
It has been determined that the average hospital or lab is only able to catch 20% of the actual cases. Over 1000 species of parasites can live in your body and there are tests available only for 40 to 50 types. This means that your doctor, should he decide to test you, can only hope to find 5% of the parasites that can be tested for at a accuracy rate of 20% We are automatically missing 80% and have only a 20% chance of finding the remaining 5% that we can test for.
This ends up being a 1% accuracy. This is why we can have such an epidemic and it is going unnoticed.
This ends up being a 1% accuracy. This is why we can have such an epidemic and it is going unnoticed.
What do Parasites do to us?
Parasites eat and eliminate wastes every day. They not only eat our food, BUT MANY OF THEM EAT HUMAN TISSUES. They also can eat the protein coating on your nerves.
Endo limax nana is a parasite that has been found to eat the calcium off our bones causing forms of arthritis. Entamoeba Histolytica can get into the liver, the lungs and the brain.
Immature forms of a worm called ROUND WORM, ALSO KNOWN AS ASCARIS, CAN GET INTO OUR LUNGS AND MAY CAUSE ASTHMA.
Immature forms of a worm called ROUND WORM, ALSO KNOWN AS ASCARIS, CAN GET INTO OUR LUNGS AND MAY CAUSE ASTHMA.
Many cases of chronic anemia can be from a parasite called HOOKWORM, also known as NECATOR AMERICANUS meaning AMERICAN MURDER. This parasite attaches itself to the lining of or intestines and bites into our blood vessels. It is capable of drinking an enormous amount of blood everyday. Hemoglobin levels as low as 15% of normal have been found in people with chronic hookworm disease.
Experts now feel that even seizures may be caused by parasites or even worms that can get into our brains!
Recently in her book, THE CURE FOR ALL DISEASES, Dr. Hulga Clark speculates that Diabetes can be caused by a worm called a FLUKE which can get into the pancreas and cause it to malfunction. Many researchers, including myself, have seen this to be true! The TV show "60 Minutes" highlighted a story of many children who had bloated bellies and had died of unknown causes. It was found upon autopsy that these children had died of DOG HEART TAPE WORMS. Tape worms that these children had picked up from dogs and had infected their bodies.
It is now being considered that heart disease and heart attacks may be higher in dog owners as these owners have had their hearts infected by these worms. This condition has been confirmed by autopsy.
Another type of roundworm is called whip worms. They inject a digestive fluid into our colon which turns the tissue of our colons into a liquid which the worm then sucks up. Pinworms have recently been found in the uterus, vulva and the fallopian tubes of some of my female patients. This is because when the worm travels to lay its eggs, it can get lost on its way back to the colon. In other words, it travels out of the colon, out of the anus into the vaginal area and gets lost on its way back. It's no wonder women can get rid of their vaginal infects. Worms can be crawling out of the anus carrying bacteria and candida right into the reproductive areas.
And to make matters worse they do this at night while your asleep.
Sound unbelievable? Do you get rectal itching that is worse at night or that ever wakes you up at night? Well guess who's coming to dinner!
Parasites release toxic wastes. These wastes are actually their feces and urine. Parasite urine is practically pure ammonia. Parasite wastes stress the kidneys, liver and immune system.
How do we get parasites?
The primary way is from our food and water. Over 50% of our food and water is infected. And organic food because it is grown with animal manure may be worse than commercial food.
In her book, THE CURE FOR HIV AND AIDS, Dr. Hulda Clark points out that much of the food we eat, the personal care items we use like shampoo, hand lotions and commercial cleaning solutions are high in solvents. The two most common solvents are BENZENE and PROPYL ALCOHOL. These solvents cause the microscopic eggs from parasites to hatch quickly in our bodies. Many years ago, before we were exposed to these chemicals, the parasite eggs would pass through our bodies leaving us safe. The eggs of parasites are microscopic and are the real danger. They can be passed sexually, through shaking hands, walking barefoot, eating or drinking from someone else's glass, bottle, can, fork etc., swimming in polluted lakes, rivers or streams, even by going to the beach.
Recent surveys have found that livestock inspectors might be missing as many as 1/2 of the parasite infected animals that go to slaughter.
Dr. Brooks claims that "eggs are readily transported through the air and it is not uncommon to find them in every room in the house.....complications are much common in women then men."
We get parasites from our pets. Anyone who is sick or has a health problem should try to remember when it started and when they got their pet. You may find it was around the same time.
Every time that your pet licks their anus they are putting thousands of parasite eggs are their tongues. When they go and lick you those eggs are going right onto YOU! The link between a sick child and a new puppy is seldom realized.
Experts now feel that even seizures may be caused by parasites or even worms that can get into our brains!
Recently in her book, THE CURE FOR ALL DISEASES, Dr. Hulga Clark speculates that Diabetes can be caused by a worm called a FLUKE which can get into the pancreas and cause it to malfunction. Many researchers, including myself, have seen this to be true! The TV show "60 Minutes" highlighted a story of many children who had bloated bellies and had died of unknown causes. It was found upon autopsy that these children had died of DOG HEART TAPE WORMS. Tape worms that these children had picked up from dogs and had infected their bodies.
It is now being considered that heart disease and heart attacks may be higher in dog owners as these owners have had their hearts infected by these worms. This condition has been confirmed by autopsy.
Another type of roundworm is called whip worms. They inject a digestive fluid into our colon which turns the tissue of our colons into a liquid which the worm then sucks up. Pinworms have recently been found in the uterus, vulva and the fallopian tubes of some of my female patients. This is because when the worm travels to lay its eggs, it can get lost on its way back to the colon. In other words, it travels out of the colon, out of the anus into the vaginal area and gets lost on its way back. It's no wonder women can get rid of their vaginal infects. Worms can be crawling out of the anus carrying bacteria and candida right into the reproductive areas.
And to make matters worse they do this at night while your asleep.
Sound unbelievable? Do you get rectal itching that is worse at night or that ever wakes you up at night? Well guess who's coming to dinner!
Parasites release toxic wastes. These wastes are actually their feces and urine. Parasite urine is practically pure ammonia. Parasite wastes stress the kidneys, liver and immune system.
How do we get parasites?
The primary way is from our food and water. Over 50% of our food and water is infected. And organic food because it is grown with animal manure may be worse than commercial food.
In her book, THE CURE FOR HIV AND AIDS, Dr. Hulda Clark points out that much of the food we eat, the personal care items we use like shampoo, hand lotions and commercial cleaning solutions are high in solvents. The two most common solvents are BENZENE and PROPYL ALCOHOL. These solvents cause the microscopic eggs from parasites to hatch quickly in our bodies. Many years ago, before we were exposed to these chemicals, the parasite eggs would pass through our bodies leaving us safe. The eggs of parasites are microscopic and are the real danger. They can be passed sexually, through shaking hands, walking barefoot, eating or drinking from someone else's glass, bottle, can, fork etc., swimming in polluted lakes, rivers or streams, even by going to the beach.
Recent surveys have found that livestock inspectors might be missing as many as 1/2 of the parasite infected animals that go to slaughter.
Dr. Brooks claims that "eggs are readily transported through the air and it is not uncommon to find them in every room in the house.....complications are much common in women then men."
We get parasites from our pets. Anyone who is sick or has a health problem should try to remember when it started and when they got their pet. You may find it was around the same time.
Every time that your pet licks their anus they are putting thousands of parasite eggs are their tongues. When they go and lick you those eggs are going right onto YOU! The link between a sick child and a new puppy is seldom realized.
WHAT YOU CAN DO
Make sure that you wash your hands several times a day and especially after going to the rest room or if around animals. Never let your pets sleep in your bed or lick you on the mouth. Always wash yourself after a pet licks you.
Cook your meat and fish until it has no visible pink and is getting dry. I'm sorry, but that's the way it is. Do not leave food out over night. The longer food sits out, the quicker the incubation period for parasites can begin. Always wash or peel raw fruits and vegetables. RAW FRUITS AND VEGETABLES CAN BE BIGGER SOURCE OF PARASITES THAN MEAT!!. Wash everything in foodgrade Hydrogen peroxide to avoid contamination.Or veggie wash I will check this out more or you can to see whats best.
Do not allow yourself to remain constipated. If your bowels do not move at least 2-3 times a day read up on CONSTIPATION REMEDIES diagnosis, causes, relief and treatments. The longer your feces stays in your digestive tract the greater a chance you have for parasites to grow.
THE LOST PRACTICE OF DE-WORMING
Prior to the 1930's it was very common that people would take castor oil, mineral oil or some type of herbal mixture to clear themselves of parasites. Each ethnic had their own way of doing this. This was done every six months, once a year or with the change in seasons.
In this way, people kept themselves clear of parasites. Medical doctors in the 1800's would commonly supervise the de-worming of their patients every 6 months, or once a year. Could this be where the traditional 6 month or annual check-up comes from?
In Europe, the medical community still recommends that you de-worm yourself, your animals and pets every six months.
If you are healthy, your body is handling the damage and poisons produced by these parasites and they are not producing disease your body. However, they may begin to produce disease at any time, depending on your life style, diet, and level of stress.
Make sure that you wash your hands several times a day and especially after going to the rest room or if around animals. Never let your pets sleep in your bed or lick you on the mouth. Always wash yourself after a pet licks you.
Cook your meat and fish until it has no visible pink and is getting dry. I'm sorry, but that's the way it is. Do not leave food out over night. The longer food sits out, the quicker the incubation period for parasites can begin. Always wash or peel raw fruits and vegetables. RAW FRUITS AND VEGETABLES CAN BE BIGGER SOURCE OF PARASITES THAN MEAT!!. Wash everything in foodgrade Hydrogen peroxide to avoid contamination.Or veggie wash I will check this out more or you can to see whats best.
Do not allow yourself to remain constipated. If your bowels do not move at least 2-3 times a day read up on CONSTIPATION REMEDIES diagnosis, causes, relief and treatments. The longer your feces stays in your digestive tract the greater a chance you have for parasites to grow.
THE LOST PRACTICE OF DE-WORMING
Prior to the 1930's it was very common that people would take castor oil, mineral oil or some type of herbal mixture to clear themselves of parasites. Each ethnic had their own way of doing this. This was done every six months, once a year or with the change in seasons.
In this way, people kept themselves clear of parasites. Medical doctors in the 1800's would commonly supervise the de-worming of their patients every 6 months, or once a year. Could this be where the traditional 6 month or annual check-up comes from?
In Europe, the medical community still recommends that you de-worm yourself, your animals and pets every six months.
If you are healthy, your body is handling the damage and poisons produced by these parasites and they are not producing disease your body. However, they may begin to produce disease at any time, depending on your life style, diet, and level of stress.
Hulda Clark says: "Getting rid of all parasites would be absolutely impossible using clinical medicines that can kill only one or two parasites each. Such medicines also tend to make you quite ill. Imagine taking 10 such drugs to kill a dozen of your parasites! Good news, perhaps, for the drug makers but not for you.
Yet three herbs can rid you of over 100 types of parasites! And without so much as a headache! Without nausea! Without any interference with any drug that you are already on! Does this sound too fantastic? Just too good to be true? They are natures gift to us. The herbs are:
Black Walnut Hulls (from the black walnut tree)
Wormwood (from the Artemisia shrub)
Common Cloves (from the clove tree)
These three herbs must be used together. Black walnut hull and wormwood kill adults and developmental stages of at least 100 parasites. Cloves kill the eggs. Only if you use them together will you rid yourself of parasites. If you kill only the adults, the tiny stages and eggs will soon grow into new adults. If you kill only the eggs, the million stages already loose in your body will soon grow into adults and make more eggs. They must be used together as a single treatment."
Yet three herbs can rid you of over 100 types of parasites! And without so much as a headache! Without nausea! Without any interference with any drug that you are already on! Does this sound too fantastic? Just too good to be true? They are natures gift to us. The herbs are:
Black Walnut Hulls (from the black walnut tree)
Wormwood (from the Artemisia shrub)
Common Cloves (from the clove tree)
These three herbs must be used together. Black walnut hull and wormwood kill adults and developmental stages of at least 100 parasites. Cloves kill the eggs. Only if you use them together will you rid yourself of parasites. If you kill only the adults, the tiny stages and eggs will soon grow into new adults. If you kill only the eggs, the million stages already loose in your body will soon grow into adults and make more eggs. They must be used together as a single treatment."
Herbal parasite cleansing program (Stage I) for intestinal, blood, brain, liver, kidney stomach, colon and other parasites. For serious worm problems.
What you need for the original Hulda Clark parasite cleanse (supply for 4 weeks):For Tapeworms you need to double the dosage!!!
100 ml Black Walnut Hull (xtra strength)
100 Wormwood capsules
100 Capsules fresh ground Cloves
Do this for three months:
1. Black Walnut Hull Tincture
Take 2 teaspoons (if you are over 75kg take 2.5 tsp) in 1/2 cup of water for 6 days
After this take 2 tsp twice a week for two Months.
2. Wormwood (We recommend you grow as many medicinal herbs in your garden as possible!!!!!)
6 capsules for 10 days
Continue twice a week with 6 capsules till finished.
3. Cloves (ground)*
6 capsules for 10 days
* If you start "feeling" your liver, drop the dosage to 1 or 2 capsules a day !
Continue twice a week with 6 capsules till finished.
Alternative you can use the parasite Zapper or a product called Phytosan , Or tyr AIM Herbal Fiber with Black Walnut
There are some alternative herbal mixtures on the market for parasite cleansing that you might want to explore for general worming.
Phytosan (60caps): for general wormingRecommended dosage 4 caps before bedtime for 10 days, than 4 caps once a week for 5 weeks.
Each capsule contains: Aloe barbadensis (Aloe Vera) 4000mg, Juglans Nigra (Black Walnut) 400mg, Artemisia Absinthium (Wormwood) 200mg , Olea Europaea (Olive Tree) Leaf dry 100mg, Clove Bud oil 4mg
TRIPLEX tincture: for children and general worming.
Recommended dosage: 10drops 3x day for 1 week, than 20 drops 3x day for 1 week, than 30 drops 3x day for 1 week.
Maintenance: 30 drops 3x day once a week.
Children 7-12 years: half adult dosage
Children 4-6 years: 3 drops 3x day for 1 week, than 6 drops 3x day for 1 week, than 10 drops 3x day for 1 week. Than 10 drops 3xday once a week.
Children under 4: 1 drop 3x day for 1 week, 3 drops 3x day for 1 week, 6 drops 3x day for 1 week. Than 6 drops 3x day once a weekHow many parasites can be in the human body?
Helminths (worms) species reported from human hosts by Taxonomic Group:
- Acanthocephala 7 species
- Nematoda 138 species
- Nematomorpha 24 species
- Platyhelminthes 173 species
- Digenea 113 species
- Eucestoda 57 species
- Turbellaria 3 species
- TOTAL 342 species
Source: Journal of Parasitology 85:379-403 Dr. D.W.T. Crompton (Crompton, D.W.T. [1999] How much human helminthiasis is there in the world?)
- Black Walnut oxygenates the blood to kill parasites. The brown stain found in the green husk contains organic iodine which has antiseptic and healing properties. It is also used to balance sugar levels and burn up excessive toxins and fatty materials.
- Cloves contain one of the most powerful germicidal agents in the herb kingdom. It is an effective stimulant and aromatic for the lungs and stomach, and helps increase blood circulation and promote digestion and nutrition. Oil of cloves is a diffusive stimulant, often used to relieve toothache and remedy bad breath. Also good for: low blood pressure, bronchial catarrh, colitis (mucous), diarrhea, dizziness, dysentery, earache epilepsy, gas nausea, pain, palsy, spasms, vomiting, stimulating sexual drive.
- Pumpkin seed is taken to eliminate many varieties of worms. Native Americans are known to have chewed pumpkin seeds as an aid in deworming.
- Gentian Root helps stimulate circulation, strengthen the system, and strengthen the muscles of the digestive organs. It is also good for convalescence, especially in the cases of extreme weakness, and is excellent for ridding the body of parasites. Also good for: anemia, counteracting the effects of poisons, stimulating the appetite, strengthening the blood, bruises, constipation, urinary infections, vermin, worms.
- Hyssop contains an essential hormone oil to help build resistance to infectious disease. It has been used for poor digestion, breast and lung problems, coughs due to colds, nose and throat infections, and has proven useful for mucous congestion in the intestines. Also helps with: asthma, regulating blood pressure, bronchitis, external bruising, chronic catarrh, eternal cuts, dropsy, ear ailments, epilepsy, fever, jaundice, kidney, liver, and spleen problems, external lice, lung ailments, hard phlegm, muscular and external rheumatism, worms.
- Black seed has many medicinal properties including anti-neoplastic activity. It is also antibacterial, antifungal and antihelminthic (parasitic infection fighter), and has an immune-enhancing effect on the human T-cell production and helps to balance and stabilize the immune system. It aids in the healing of acute and chronic illnesses, regulating blood pressure, enhancing bile and breast milk production, and stimulating sperm producing tissue. Also helps with: arthritis, asthma, gastrointestinal complaints, proper kidney and liver function, circulatory problems, resistance to disease in general.
- Crystalline nigellone
- Amino Acids
- Cramp Bark is considered one of the best natural remedies for regulating female disorders. It is excellent relaxant for the ovaries and the uterus, and is commonly used as a uterine sedative and anti-spasmodic. It is also recommended for preventing nervous diseases of pregnancy, after-pains and cramps. In Russia, the berries are used for regulating high blood pressure, heart problems, coughs, colds, lung and kidney problems, as well as stomach ulcers.
- Peppermint helps to cleanse and strengthen the entire body. It can also be useful for bowel problems, and helps assist the salivary glands in digestion.
- Thyme is a powerful antiseptic and a general tonic with curative powers. It has been used for anemia, bronchial and intestinal problems, and as an antiseptic for tooth decay. It destroys fungal infections such as athlete's foot, and skin parasites such as crabs and lice. It also kills abdominal worms. Also good for: bowel problems, bruises, catarrh (inflammation of mucous membranes of the nose and throat), coli, diarrhea, indigestion, epilepsy, fainting, fever, gastritis, external gout, headaches, heartburn, hysteria, internal infections, laryngitis, leprosy, lung congestion, mastitis, suppressed menstruation, nightmares, paralysis, promoting perspiration, rheumatism, sciatica, sinus problems, throat problems, uterine problems, warts, whooping cough.
- Iodine
- Fennel Seed
Fennel acts as an appetite suppressant and diuretic, and helps to stabilize the nervous system and expel waste material from the body. Fennel improves digestion, and has also proven helpful with coughs and persistent bronchitis due to its mucus-countering and anti-convulsive properties. Also helps with: abdominal cramps, female disorders, gas, gout, intestinal problems, promoting lactation, nervous disorders, pin worms, spasms. - Grapefruit Seed
Grapefruit Seed, well known as an anti-fungal agent, kills many different types of parasites and assists the body in producing beneficial bacteria. - Vitamins: A, C, D, F & B complex
- Minerals: Potassium, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Sodium, Calcium
Most people believe that parasites are something that happens to someone else. I don't have parasites. Well, that is true for some people, and that is false for many other people. It is estimated that more then 80 % of people in western world, have some parasitic or semi-parasitic animal living inside their body.
Get to know your parasite enemies:
- Ascaris Lumbricoides, large roundworm of humans, is the most common nematode parasite of humans, infecting an estimated 1.47 billion individuals. Pathology can result from pneumonia caused by the worm's migration through the lungs, blocking of the gastrointestinal track or the bile or pancreatic duct. Ascaris Lumbricoides is physically indistinguishable from Ascaris suum.
- It is estimated that pinworms infect more than 400,000,000 people throughout the world (10% of humans), and in many areas of the world (e.g., North America and Europe) it is the most common nematode parasite of humans. On a world-wide basis, however, Ascaris lumbricoides ranks #1 infecting more than 1,000,000,000 people (25% of humans).
- The Tapeworm genus Hymenolepis contains in excess of 400 species (according to some authorities), virtually all of which are found in higher vertebrates. The life cycles for most species are unknown, but it's likely that they all involve insects as the intermediate host (with a cysticercoid as the metacestode stage).
- There are many species of hookworms that infect mammals. The most important, at least from the human standpoint, are the human hookworms, Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus, which infect an estimated 800,000,000 persons, and the dog and cat hookworms, A. caninum and A. braziliense, respectively. Hookworms average about 10 mm in length and live in the small intestine of the host. The males and females mate, and the female produces eggs that are passed in the feces. Depending on the species, female hookworms can produce 10,000-25,000 eggs per day. About two days after passage the hookworm egg hatches, and the juvenile worm (or larva) develops into an infective stage in about five days. The next host is infected when an infective larva penetrates the host's skin. The juvenile worm migrates through the host's body and finally ends up in the host's small intestine where it grows to sexual maturity. The presence of hookworms can be demonstrated by finding the characteristic eggs in the feces; the eggs can not, however, be differentiated to species (view diagram of the life cycle).
The mouthparts of hookworms are modified into cutting plates. Attachment of hookworms to the host's small intestine causes hemorrhages, and the hookworms feed on the host's blood. Hookworm disease can have devastating effects on humans, particularly children, due to the loss of excessive amounts of blood.
Juveniles (larvae) of the dog and cat hookworms can infect humans, but the juvenile worms will not mature into adult worms. Rather, the juveniles remain in the skin where they continue to migrate for weeks (or even months in some instances). This results in a condition known as "cutaneous" or "dermal larval migrans" or "creeping eruption." Hence the importance of not allowing dogs and cats to defecate indiscriminately.
- Strongyloides stercoralis is an unusual "parasite" in that it has both free-living and parasitic life cycles. In the parasitic life cycle, female worms are found in the superficial tissues of the human small intestine; there are apparently no parasitic males. The female worms produce larvae parthenogenically (without fertilization), and the larvae are passed in the host's feces. The presence of nematode larvae in a fecal sample is characteristic of strongylodiasis. Once passed in the feces, some of the larvae develop into "free-living" larvae, while others develop into "parasitic" larvae. The "free-living" larvae will complete their development in the soil and mature into free-living males and females. The free-living males and females mate, produce more larvae, and (as above) some of these larvae will develop into "free-living" larvae, while other will develop into "parasitic larvae." As one might imagine, this free-living life cycle constitutes an important reservoir for human infections.
The "parasitic" larvae infect the human host by penetrating the skin (like the hookworms). The larvae migrate to the lungs, via the circulatory system, penetrate the alveoli into the small bronchioles, and they are "coughed up" and swallowed. Once they return to the small intestine, the larvae mature into parasitic females.
S. stercoralis also infects humans via a mechanism called "autoinfection." Under some circumstances, such as chronic constipation, larvae produced by the parasitic females will remain in the intestinal tract long enough to develop into infective stages. Such larvae will penetrate the tissues of the intestinal tract and develop as if they had penetrated the skin. Autoinfection can also occur when larvae remain on and penetrate the perianal skin. Autoinfection often leads to very high worm burdens in humans.
Since the parasitic females live in the superficial tissues of the small intestine, and can be present in high numbers, they can cause significant pathology.
- There are approximately 60 species of whipworms that infect mammals. Only two are considered here, the human whipworm, Trichuris trichiura, and the canine whipworm, T. vulpis. These two species have a high degree of host specificity, but canine whipworms have been recovered from humans on rare occasions.
Whipworms get their name from the characteristic shape of the adults. The adults live in the host's large intestine with their anterior ends embedded in the cells that line the intestine; each female can produce in excess of 10,000 eggs each day, and the worms can live several years. The eggs are passed in the host's feces, and they become infective in about three weeks. When an infective egg is eaten by the appropriate host it hatches in the small intestine, and the juvenile worm migrates to the large intestine where it reaches sexual maturity.
Most infections of whipworms are probably asymptomatic. However, because the worms live a long time and a person can be reinfected constantly, heavy worm burdens can develop. Symptoms of whipworm infection can include diarrhea, dysentery, and anemia. Heavy infections in children can cause mental and physical retardation. Diagnosis depends on the demonstration of eggs, which have a characteristic appearance, in the feces. - Fasciola hepatica the common name of this parasite, the "sheep liver fluke," is somewhat misleading since this parasite is found in animals other than sheep (including cattle and humans), and the parasite resides in the bile ducts inside the liver rather than the liver itself. This species is a common parasite of sheep and cattle and, therefore, relatively easy to obtain.
The adult parasites reside in the intrahepatic bile ducts, produce eggs, and the eggs are passed in the host's feces. After passing through the first intermediate host (a snail), cercariae encyst on vegetation. The definitive host is infected when it eats the contaminated vegetation. The metacercaria excysts in the definitive host's small intestine, and the immature worm penetrates the small intestine and migrates through the abdominal cavity to the host's liver. The juvenile worm penetrates and migrates through the host's liver and finally ends up in the bile ducts. The migration of the worms through the host's liver, and the presence of the worms in the bile ducts, are responsible for the pathology associated with fascioliasis.
Fasciola hepatica is found in parts of the United States (view distribution), as well as in Great Britian, Ireland, Europe, the Middle East, the Far East, Africa, and Australia. Fascioliasis in sheep and cattle results in animals that show low productivity (low weight gain, low milk production, etc.).
Written with excerpts from parasite article by Michael Biamonte, C.C.N.
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