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The
research literature on Hypnosis is extensive. The endorsements of Hypnosis for
its healing effectiveness continue to mount. In a recent report, it was revealed
that a panel of the National Institutes of Health has endorsed the wider use of
Hypnosis for use in conjunction with conventional medical
care.
Numerous
clinical studies have been conducted substantiating the effectiveness of the
Hypnotic state in changing individuals' lives. Some of these experimental
studies have utilized poor controls for supporting generalization of results
beyond the specific experimental trial reported. The research studies cited
below are some of the thousands clinical trials that HAVE utilized solid
experimental technique and report reliable, valid findings. These studies report
a sample of the multitude of applications of Hypnosis in human living:
MEDICAL
APPLICATIONS <!--[if
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PAIN,
MISCELLANEOUS:
1.
Ernest Hilgard (1977) and coworkers: in extensive investigations, using
experimental paradigms to induce pain (typically either a tourniquet cutting off
the circulation to a limb or plunging the limb into cold water), they have
demonstrated that various types of pain can be reduced by Hypnotically induced
analgesia.
In
these studies, 66% of the high susceptibility group, but only 13% of the lower
and 17% of the medium susceptibility groups, were able to reduce their pain by
1/3 or more. Twenty-six percent of the high, 57% of the medium, and 31% of the
low susceptibility groups were able to reduce their pain by 10-32% when compared
to controls.
2.
Experimentally induced pain, while undeniably noxious, is different from the
experience of patients in the clinical setting. Whereas experimental pain is
brief, undergone voluntarily, and can be terminated at any time by the subject,
in the clinical setting, pain is often longterm, comes against the wishes of the
individual and is usually experienced as being outside of personal control.
Moreover, it is a part of a disease process that directly alters both physical
and mental functioning.
3.
In a neurochemical study of Hypnotic control of pain conducted by Domangue
(1985), patients suffering arthritic pain showed a correlation among levels of
pain, anxiety and depression. Anxiety and depression were inversely related to
plasma norepinephrine levels. Depression was correlated with dopamine levels and
negatively correlated with levels of serotonin and beta endorphin. Following
Hypnotherapy, there were clinically and statistically significant decreases in
depression, anxiety and pain, and increases in beta endorphin-like
substances.
4.
The relationship between pain and endorphins is a complicated one. In his study,
Guerra (1982) found that only particular forms of the beta endorphins found in
peripheral blood during painful experience are associated with the Hypnotic
response.
5.
Hilgard (1982) studied children with cancer. He found Hypnosis to be effective
in reducing the pain and discomfort associated with repeated unpleasant medical
inventions.
6.
Stam (1986) reports that patients with chronic facial pain show a greater
responsiveness to suggestion as measured by the Carleton University
Responsiveness to Suggestion Scale (CURSS) than do normal controls. These
patients had higher Hypnotic susceptibility scores than did controls, showing a
high susceptibility score to be a good predictor of response to Hypnotic
treatment among such patients.
7.
Domangue (1985) conducted a study of 19 patients with a variety of
musculoskeletal disorders. He reported significant reductions of pain and
dysphoria following Hypnosis. The reductions were associated with significant
increases in plasma beta endorphin.
8.
Barabasz and Barabasz (1989) studied sample of 20 patients with a variety of
chronic pain syndromes. They utilized an Hypnotic technique known as Restricted
Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST). All of the patients were initially
rated as having low Hypnotic susceptibility on the Stanford Hypnotic
Susceptibility Scale (SHSS). Following exposure to the training technique, the
subjects demonstrated significant increases in both SHSS scores and in pain
reduction when compared to controls.
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HEADACHE
PAIN:
9.
Evidence accumulated to date suggests that a number of Hypnotherapeutic
approaches are highly effective in the treatment of patients with chronic
migraine headaches. Although no one Hypnotherapeutic technique has been
demonstrated to be most effective, all the methods appear to be superior to a
standard treatment relying on pharmacological approaches alone.
10.
In a study conducted by Anderson (1975), migraine patients treated with Hypnosis
had a significant reduction in the number of attacks and in their severity
compared to a control group who were treated with traditional medications. The
difference did not become statistically significant until the second six-month
follow-up period. In addition, at the end of one year, the number of patients in
the Hypnosis group who had experienced no headaches for over three months was
significantly higher.
11. In a
controlled trial conducted by Olness (1987), self-Hypnosis was shown to be
significantly more effective than either propranolol or placebo in reducing the
frequency of migraine headaches in children between the ages of six and twelve
years of age.
12. In a
research conducted by Schlutter (1980), Hypnosis was also found to effective in
dealing with the relief of tension headache.
13. Alladin
(1988) reviewed the literature on Hypnosis, identifying fully a dozen different
Hypnotic techniques that have been used in the treatment of chronic migraine
headaches. Of these, Hypnotic training emphasizing relaxation, hand warming
(which, according to Anderson, 1975) seems the simplest method of establishing
increased voluntary control of the sensitive vasomotor system) and direct
Hypnotic suggestions of symptom removal have all been shown to be effective in
reducing the duration, intensity and frequency of migraine attacks during a
ten-week treatment course and at thirteen-month follow-up when compared to
controls.
14. A study
(Gutfeld, G. and Rao, L., 1992) was conducted on 42 patients suffering from
chronic headaches. These patients, all of whom had responded poorly to
conventional treatments, were split into two groups. One received Hypnotherapy
to relieve their daily headaches; the rest acted as a comparison group. The
Hypnotherapy group experienced reduced frequency and duration of headaches,
cutting the intensity by about 30%. "These results are impressive in such a
difficult, hard-to-treat group of patients," commented Egilius Spierings, M.D.,
Ph.D. director of the headache section, division of neurology at Brigham and
Women's Hospital.
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CANCER:
15. Speigel
and Bloom (1983b) reported that a study of women with metastatic breast cancer
showed that patients who received group therapy with training in Hypnosis over a
one-year period were able to reduce their pain experience by 50% when compared
to a control group.
16. In
addition, at a 10-year follow-up of these same women, the Hypnosis treatment
group had a mean survival rate of 36.6 months compared to 18.9 months for the
controls. This suggests that the intervention may be both important quantitative
and important qualitative effects (Spiegel 1989a).
17-18. Both
adolescent and adult cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy were reported by
Cotanch (1985) and by Zeltzer (1984), in separate research, to have fewer
symptoms of anticipatory nausea and vomiting following Hypnotic
interventions.
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CARDIOVASCULAR CONDITIONS,
GENERAL:
19. In
research by Bernardi (1982), hypertensive patients showed themselves to be
significantly more effective at controlling cardiovascular responses to
stressors in Hypnosis than they were in the normal waking state. This was
particularly true for subjects with more marked Hypnotic
ability.
20. In a
study by Sletvold (1986), normotensive subjects were shown able to either
increase or decrease their blood pressure significantly with
Hypnosis.
21. In a
1979 research study by Jackson, subjects with Hypnotic ability were shown to
improve their aerobic performance significantly in response to postHypnotic
suggestion. In addition, subjects with high Hypnotic susceptibility
significantly improved their performance in physical exercise using postHypnotic
suggestion.
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HYPERTENSION &
STRESS:
22. Kuttner
(1988) found that a Hypnotic approach emphasizing storytelling and imagery was
significantly more effective than behavioral techniques or standard medical
practice in alleviating distress during bone marrow aspirations in young
children with leukemia.
23.
Hypertensive subjects were found to have characteristic patterns of increased
cerebral blood flow that were most marked in the left hemisphere. During
Hypnosis, they could reduce cerebral blood flow more dramatically than could
normotensive controls. The changes noted in this research by Galeazzi (1982)
were associated with decreases in vascular resistance and diastolic blood
pressure in the rest of the body.
24-25.
Friedman and Taub (1977, 1978) reported the results of a trial comparing
Hypnosis with biofeedback or a combination of both in essential hypertension. At
the end of four weeks of treatment, all groups showed a significant reduction in
blood pressure. But at six-month follow-up only the patients receiving Hypnosis
had maintained the reduction.
26-27.
Generally speaking, literature review supports the value of Hypnosis in
analgesia and stress reduction in a number of disorders, whether following the
dissociative formulation (Miller, 1986) or a social psychology approach (Noland,
1987).
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RESPIRATORY
CONDITIONS:
28-29. In
studies by Maher-Loughnan (1962, 1970), Hypnosis was shown to alleviate the
subjective distress of patients with asthma. This change was measured either by
the number of attacks or the amount of medication that was needed when compared
to supportive therapy.
30. In
further study by Maher-Loughnan (1970) asthmatic subjects were randomly assigned
to either Hypnosis or relaxation therapy. The results showed both treatment
modalities of benefit to the patients, but the improvement in the Hypnotherapy
group was significantly greater. There was a peak of improvement between the
seventh and twelfth weeks of treatment. In addition, only the Hypnotic subjects
showed improvement in physiologic measures of respiration (forced expiratory
volume).
31. Ewer
and Stewart (1986) reported a randomized control trial of Hypnosis in patients
with moderate asthma. Patients with a high Hypnotic susceptibility showed a
74.9% improvement in bronchial hyper-responsiveness (to methacholine challenge),
a 5.5% increase in peak expiratory flow rate, a 26.2% decrease in the use of
bronchodilator and a 41% improvement in daily ratings outside of the clinic.
Twelve patients with a high Hypnotic susceptibility score showed a 75%
improvement. However, a control group of 17 patients and a second group of 10
patients with a low level of Hypnotic susceptibility showed no change in either
objective or subjective measures.
32. A study
by Olness (1985) showed that children trained in self-Hypnosis could
significantly alter their tissue levels of oxygen as measured by transcutaneous
PO2 measures.
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STRENGTHENING THE IMMUNE
SYSTEM:
33.
Hypnosis strengthens the disease-fighting capacity of two types of immune cells,
reports Patricia Ruzyla-Smith and her co-workers at Washington State University
in Pullman. Thirty-three college students who achieved a Hypnotic trance easily
and 32 students who had great difficulty doing so were recruited for the study.
Students who underwent Hypnosis displayed larger jumps in two important classes
of white blood cells than participants who received relaxation or no method. The
greatest immune enhancement occurred among highly Hypnotizable students in the
Hypnosis group.
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INTESTINAL
CONDITIONS:
34-35.
Whorwell (1984) reported successful treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome using
Hypnosis in a controlled study of a group of patients who had a severe chronic
form of the disorder and had not responded to conventional therapies. Patients
were randomly allocated to either psychotherapy or Hypnotherapy groups. The
psychotherapy patients showed a significant improvement in measures of pain,
distension and in general well-being despite a lack of change in bowel habit. In
contrast, the Hypnotherapy patients showed a dramatic improvement in all
measures which persisted at a two-year follow-up. (Whorwell, 1987).
Hypnotherapy, including suggestions for improved gastrointestinal function and
pain reduction, was significantly better than Hypnosis for simple deep muscle
relaxation.
36. Harvey
(1989) reported a similar improvement following Hypnotherapy in 20 of the 33
patients with refractory Irritable Bowel Syndrome at three-month
follow-up.
37. Colgan
(1988) reported a randomized trial of 30 patients with frequently relapsing
duodenal ulcer disease. The subjects were treated for ten weeks with either
Hypnotherapy or ranitidine or the drug alone. At a twelve-month follow-up, all
of the drug-only patients, but only half of the drug-plus-Hypnotherapy patients,
had relapsed.
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HEMOPHELIA:
38.
Swirsky-Saccetti (1986) reported on research with hemophiliacs. Over an
eighteen-week follow-up, a group of hemophiliac patients who were taught
self-Hypnosis significantly reduced both their level of self-reported distress
and the amount of the factor concentrate they required to control bleeding when
compared with a control group of patients who did not undergo
Hypnosis.
39. A
30-month follow-up by LaBaw (1975) with hemophiliac patients demonstrated the
effectiveness of group procedures for self-Hypnosis in reducing distress and the
amount of blood products required when compared to control groups in patients
ranging from five to forty-eight years of age.
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SURGERY:
40.
Patients undergoing head and neck surgery who were trained with preoperative
Hypnosis had significantly shorter postoperative hospitalizations than did
matched controls (Rapkin, 1988).
41. Swedish
researchers studied 50 women prior to surgery. Twenty-five of the women were
assigned to the experimental group who were briefly Hypnotized each day for
several days before their scheduled operations. Twenty-five were assigned to a
control groups who were not Hypnotized. While in a Hypnotic state, the women in
the experimental group heard suggestions to relax and feel hungry. After surgery
only 10 had nausea (15 experienced no nausea), compared to 17 in the no-Hypnosis
control group (8 experienced no nausea).
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CHILDBIRTH:
42. In
1963, Schwartz reported on a study in which Hypnotherapy was used successfully
to prolong pregnancy and prevent premature delivery.
43-45. Omer
(1986a, 1986b, 1987a) found that frequency of physical complaints and the
general level of anxiety were correlated with premature labor and premature
contractions. A brief technique emphasizing the use of self-Hypnosis was
employed as an adjunct to pharmacological treatment. The prolongation of
pregnancy was significantly higher for this group than for the medication-along
control group, and infant weight was also significantly
greater.
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MISCELLANEOUS
CONDITIONS:
46. In a
careful single-case controlled study of a patient with Raynaud's disease, Conn
(1984) showed a rapid and dramatic vasodilatation in response to Hypnotic
suggestion.
47. In
research reported by Spanos (1988), a pair of randomized, carefully designed
studies were conducted with a group of people who had warts. Subjects who were
given Hypnotic or nonHypnotic suggestions were significantly more likely to
achieve wart regression than placebo or no-treatment
groups.
48-49. In a
report by David Spiegel in the Harvard Mental Health Letter, the following
research was cited: a) Several controlled experiments have shown that Hypnosis
can be effectively used to eliminate warts; and b) Studies have been done on
persons suffering from pseudoseizures, in which they lose consciousness or motor
control and make jerking movements typical of epilepsy (but without the
associated brain damage). Such patients have been taught to limit or eliminate
these symptoms by using Hypnosis.
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PSYCHOLOGICAL
APPLICATIONS
ANXIETY:
50. In a
report by David Spiegel in the Harvard Mental Health Letter, the research was
cited that Hypnosis methods have been used successfully for anxiety associated
with medical procedures.
51. Two
hundred forty-one patients who were undergoing percutaneous vascular and renal
procedures were randomly tested on three testing regimens, one of which was
Hypnosis. Patients rated their pain and anxiety on 1-10 scales before, every 15
minutes during, and after the procedures. Pain remained flat over the duration
of procedure time in the Hypnosis group; pain increased linearly with procedure
time in both other groups. Anxiety decreased over time in all three groups; the
sharpest decrease was in the group that was hypnotized. Procedure times were
significantly shorter in the Hypnosis group. In addition, Hypnosis showed itself
to be superior in improving hemodynamic stability.
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PHOBIC
REACTIONS:
52. In a
report by David Spiegel in the Harvard Mental Health Letter, the following
research was cited: One seven-year study showed that 50% of patients afraid of
flying were improved of cured after Hypnosis treatment for a fear of
flying.
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DEPRESSION:
53. In a
neurochemical study of Hypnotic control of pain conducted by Domangue (1985),
patients suffering arthritic pain showed a correlation among levels of pain,
anxiety and depression. Anxiety and depression were inversely related to plasma
norepinephrine levels. Depression was correlated with dopamine levels and
negatively correlated with levels of serotonin and beta endorphin. Following
Hypnotherapy, there were clinically and statistically significant decreases in
depression, anxiety and pain, and increases in beta endorphin-like
substances.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Alladin, A. (1988).
"Hypnosis in the Treatment of Severe Chronic Migraine. In M. Heap (ed.),
Hypnosis: Current clinical, Experimental and Forensic Practices. London: Croom
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Anderson, J.A., Basker,
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Barabasz, A.J. &
Barabasz, M. (1989). "Effects of Restricted Environmental Stimulation:
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231.
Bernardi, L. Galezaai, L.
& Bardelli, R. (1982). " Hypnotic Responsivity of Cold Pressor Test in
Normal and Hypertensive Subjects," Paper presented at the International Society
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Glasgow, Scotland.
Colgan, S.M., Faragher,
E.B. & Whorwell, P.J. (1988). "Controlled Trial of Hypnotherapy in Relapse
Prevention of Duodenal Ulceration." Lancet, 1299-1300.
Conn, L. & Mott,k T.
(1984). "Plethysmographic Demonstration of Rapid Vasodilation by Direct
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Cotanch, P., Hockenberry,
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D.E. (1986). "Improvement in Bronchial Hyper-responsiveness in Patients with
Moderate Asthma after Treatment with a Hypnotic Technique: A Randomized
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Friedman, H. & Taub,
H. (1977). "The Use of Hypnosis and Biofeedback Procedures for Essential
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Stam, H.J., McGrath,
P.A., Brooke, R.I. & Cosier, F. (1986). "Hypnotizability and the Treatment
of Chronic Facial Pain." International Journal of Clinical and Experimental
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Swirsky-Saccetti, T.
& Margolis, C.G. (1986). "The Effects of a Comprehensive Self- Hypnosis
Training Program on the Use of Factor VIII in Severe Hemophilia." International
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 34, 71-83.
Whorwell, P.J., Prior, A.
& Faragher, E.B. (1984). "Controlled Trial of Hypnotherapy in the Treatment
of Severe Refractory Irritable-Bowel Syndrome." Lancet, pp.
1232-1234.
Whorwell, P.J., Prior, A.
& Colgan, S.M. (1987). "Hypnotherapy in Severe Irritable Bowel Syndrome:
Further Experience." Gut, 28, 423-425.
Zeltzer, L., LeBaron, S.
& Zeltzer, P.M. (1984). "The Effectiveness of Behavioral Intervention for
Reduction of Nausea and Vomiting in Children and Adolescents Receiving
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